1. i am a ghilzai pashtun of the safi tribe from tagab in afghanistan from my father's side. Lets be frank here, why would people as geographically distant as Peshawari Pashtuns, Kandahari Pashtuns, and Pashtuns in the hills near Quetta, be regarded as close relatives? French=0.026, Tuscans=0.026, Palestinians=0.026 Han=0.082 From a genetic perspective, all living humans are equivalent to a single Chimpanzee or Gorilla subspecies. But the individual is substantially more South Asian than Tajiks from Tajikistan. The HAP Pashtuns are 58th. I find it strange though that pashtuns are being compared to sindhis, it maybe true, but phenotype wise pashtuns are very different from sindhis. Found inside â Page 1The latter part of the book focuses on descriptions of the individual languages themselves. Each language description gives an overview of the language followed by detail on phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis and dialects. Ctr India mix+Nihali=0.012, Uzbeks=0.012 I would not have expected Tajiks from Tajikistan to be so genetically close to the HGDP Pashtuns (very low Fst distances). - Although the Laghman Pashtuns share a similar L1c-M357 haplotype (16-17/19 match), so does the sole Tajik L1c from the same location, providing us with genetic evidence of recent mutual origins between Pashtuns and Tajiks in certain parts of Afghanistan. 42. Abhkazians=0.013 Really looking forward to seeing your results my friend! [17] In China, the term is used to refer to its Pamiri ethnic groups, the Tajiks of Xinjiang, who speak the Eastern Iranian Pamiri languages. [51] Most Tajiks came to Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, often as guest workers in places like Moscow and Saint Petersburg or federal subjects near the Kazakhstan border. Cambodian=0.065 You know, I have to agree, it is a very tempting idea. In eastern Pakistan, people equate pashtuns and other northern pakistanis like Kalash, Bursho to (Europeans) because they look so different from eastern pakistanis (Punjabis, SIndhis, Muhajirs) and have a totally different culture then them, Pashtuns are not indians,,lol all my pashtun relatives and family look russian/greek or latin. In the city and the greater part of the villages, the population consists of TÄjiks. If you were to visit Delhi and stroll around Connaught Place you would not be able to say make out a Bihari from a Haryanvi let alone a Brahmin from a Chamar. 15. Both caste and genes need more understanding than available data allows us. But it is clear from their genetics and history that different population dynamics are at play behind the formation of Turkmenistani Turkmens and Tajikistani Tajiks. The Afghan has 35% "Baloch", and the Pakistani has 33%. There is only a few percentage points up and down in any particular category and that includes Pathans notwithstanding their fair skin relatively speaking. This has changed over time, as Afghan Pashtuns (technically speaking, "Afghan Pashtun" is redundant) have moved around quite a lot (especially in the north). But this makes me wonder about the Pulliyars. Availability: 3 in stock. I thought it would be interesting to show Fsts of the HGDP Pashtuns to different regions and populations, in order of distance. Country Factfiles. <]/Prev 1056362>> The Mohmand are much further to the east of where Babur encountered them, and their tribal chronicles support a relatively recent migration. Also geographically close to me are the Bihar/Jharkand Munda but they are from a different linguistic group and therefore not that close genetically. It's also possible that the slight east asian in Kashmiris is making them look more West Asian, since the amount of East Asian in them is not enough to affect their overall phenotype. The same dynamic occurs in urban Pakistan with Punjabis and Urdu speakers. HRP00286 has ultimate origins in Kandahar, which is even more close to Balochistan, and actually has a Baloch minority. ←→ Started Out w/ Five packs, (25 regs.) North Ossetians=0.019 Nobody is engaging in the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness" here. The ethnic group's native language is Pashto, an Eastern Iranian language.Additionally, ethnic Pashtuns in Afghanistan speak the Dari dialect of . Some might have been assimilated into Pashtuns. Also I gave very specific references that are much more likely to be pointing to Pashtuns than Bellew's references in general are. And waiting to hear evidence of Iranian and not Indo-Aryan "pashto" being spoken in any form east of Ghazni, somewhere near the Suleiman mountains, on the banks of the Indus, or any other plausible place for Pashtuns to reside in Pakistan. If one doubts this, one has only to note the average phenotype of these Pashtuns. Mutual efforts in afforestation and in the conservation of genetic resources may benefit both the . Tajiks are a substantial minority in Uzbekistan, as well as in overseas communities. Most Qizilbash in Afghanistan now are Persian speakers, There was a lot of Persian Qizilbash groups in Afghanistan. [30], The geographical division between the eastern and western Iranians is often considered historically and currently to be the desert Dasht-e Kavir, situated in the center of the Iranian plateau. You should not make predictions based on something as flimsy and subjective as physical appearance. There is a very large amount of Punjabi samples so I find it hard to believe you could add them up when you couldn't even count a group that Zack had written were 23 HGDP and the 3 HAP participants in the "freaking" first of his post. 3. It is thought that cannabis was first encountered in China some 6,000 years ago, where people consumed the seed as a food, as is still the case today in many rural regions. [66], The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Civil War in Afghanistan both gave rise to a resurgence in Tajik nationalism across the region, including a trial to revert to the Perso-Arabic script in Tajikistan. It looks to me like two Kashmiri Muslims have been tested, as far as I can see, and they are no different from Kashmiri Pandit samples. Baloch: 32% The only omission, and the most important one, are the Abdali, who are now called Durrani. The Pathans would be the HGDP Pathans in my dataset. "Clients" is the best translation, although the term literally means "shadow sharers", and "neighbors" is also a good translation. 0000000836 00000 n
But there is one detail that I should mention. According to the dominant scholarly view, the Pashtun/Afghan ethnic group has been living in its current location (=what is now southern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan) since the Late Bronze Age... as they were already living in their current land for more than 2000 years. Pashtuns have a completly different culture and way of life from Indians and this alone suggest's their origin can not be India, Also I define Indian as anyone who looks Indian, simple as that. In many cases, the "Afghan" denomination has been restricted to the Sarbanri lineage of Pashtuns. Nevertheless, genetically speaking, variation between tribes shouldn't be too great. If Punjabis, had been included my guess is that they would have been the closest to the Pashtuns. You wont find the answers you are looking for if you want to find a tribe called Pashtuns but you will find some clues that I am trying to point you toward if you broaden your search to include Eastern Iranians who pushed on and on into the Indus river right after the collapse of the Greek kingdom. Details are forthcoming from coins and chronicles but it is believed that the Kings Jayapala who was finally defeated by Ghazni was a Mohyal Brahmin, a kind of martial Brahmin sect who are also called Husseini Brahmins for their supposed role in the battle at Karbala. This confirms earlier work that Pashtun, Pathan, and Tajik are all clustered together. Pakistani, if you are going to have an intellectual discussion, at least do your homework. 0000019713 00000 n
Let me ask you a question. I am sorry the facts don't suit the popular narrative in your part of the world, but there is a lot of myth making about origins in all cultures including the Pathan culture. Bellew looks at the zai and khel suffixes indicating Pakhtun bloodlines. For some reason, it's always been assumed that you're not "really" in India until you get east of the Indus. Yeah, that's the one I mean. http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D12701030%26ct%3D0. I do not know the Fst distances between the Yunusbayev/Metspalu Tajikistani Tajiks and the HGDP Pashtuns, but the Yunusbayev/Metspalu Tajikistani Tajiks possess Mongoloid components in ratios considerably higher to those of Pashtuns in general and similar to those of the Yunusbayev/Metspalu Turkmens from Turkmenistan. By the same token, more members of the Tajik ethnic group live in Afghanistan than in Tajikistan. Pashtuns and Punjabis are neighbors, and I am sure there has been bidirectional gene-flow. Perhaps the Balochi admixture amongst the Sindhi is rather consistent, pulling them further to the west in comparison to Punjabis. It actually provides dates for the splits. In the 1926 and 1937 Soviet censuses, the Yaghnobis and Pamiri language speakers were counted as separate nationalities. It is thought these mountains were so named because most people to its south were Hindu-Buddhist (and thus Indians), while most people to it's north were Zoroastrians (although Buddhism did eventually spill over to the north as well). He thinks that zai is from Persian zaadan (to give birth) which is the same as Sanskrit jan; and khel is clearly Sanskrit kul (family). Both Tajiks and Sindhis are very close to the HGDP Pathans. For instance, the President of Tajikistan, Emomalii Rahmon, dropped the Russian suffix "-ov" from his surname and directed others to adopt Tajik names when registering births. What unites the Pamiri languages on the extragenetic level is the preservation of a significant number of archaic features that can be traced back to the ancient Iranian languages and a uniform influence of Tajiki/Dari on all of them. It is a real shame to not have academic autosomal samples from Afghanistan. The Suri were, and still are, Pashtuns. 3. Sardinians=0.031 Tajiks make up an estimated 27% of the population of Afghanistan. ), many urban Tajiks prefer to use Russian loanwords instead of their literary Persian analogs. If Pashtuns simply renamed themselves Gandharans then everything would be clear again because there would be fewer gaps in the historical record and the genetics would make much more sense as well. Haplogroups R1a1a-M17, C3-M217, J2-M172, and L-M20 were the most frequent when Afghan ethnic groups were pooled, together comprising >66% of the chromosomes. tell me because i can't think of ONE EXAMPLE, even PUNJABIS know PASHTUNS are whiter and physically more Iranic looking from them ...it's a stereotype steeped in truth. Pashtun tribes have a tendency to bifurcate due to political conflict, or new ecological demands (I am sure most tribal peoples are similar). In real life, when ever do jatts and pashtuns ever co-mingle??? If this involved force and a large number of conquered peoples, then that could also explain the aggressiveness of Pashtun tribal customs. People look at these things from very different perspectives, and have different background assumptions. I am particularly interested in Punjabi Khatris and Kashmiri Muslims and Pandits as well as some Himachali and Rajasthani populations which have yet to be sampled. Kashmiri Pandits are known to have southern brahmans (Agnihotris) in their Bhanmashi group. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GvdaSw6TNc&feature=relmfu. Found inside â Page 80Financing, improving quality of existing variable tree stock and standardizing genetic stock would increase product quality and improve market position. it is well known that pandits have mixed with other indians from the plains, in fact many pandit groups actually came from places like UP/Bihar and settled in kashmir, I am not talking about them. all these things give clear evidence that pashtuns are not indians and never were. 30. In the hill-country between NilÄb and Behreh, but apart from the tribes of JÅ«d and JanjÅ«heh, and adjoining to the hill-country of KashmÄ«r, are the JÄts, Gujers, and many other men of similar tribes, who build villages, and settle on every hillock and in every valley ... On Friday, the 14th of the first Rabi, we arrived at SiÄlkot. Bantu NE=0.128 [67][21][citation needed] Furthermore, Tajikistan in particular has been a focal point for this movement, and the government there has made a conscious effort to revive the legacy of the Samanid empire, the first Tajik-dominated state in the region after the Arab advance. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12228.html. The planned outpost will be located in Tajikistan's Khatlon province adjacent to Afghanistan's Kunduz province whose capital city Taliban insurgents took over this . It is a robust and credible possibility that most of the Pashtuns of NWFP/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA, and the Afghan provinces of Khost, eastern Paktika, and southwestern Nangarhar (the famous/infamous "Karlanri", or hill tribes) are assimilated indigenous Dardics, likely descended from people similar culturally and linguistically to the Kalasha and Kohistanis (although there may be an Iranic element, such as the previously mentioned Parachi-Ormuri, and perhaps southerly Pamiri speakers). It's not environment only that effects your looks, for example Himachal people in India live even on higher grounds/cold weather compared to pashtuns, yet generally they clearly resemble indians not west eurasian. I did note that the HGDP samples are from the Bangash portion of the Kurram Agency, and that perhaps these individuals are a part of normal Pashtun genetic variation. As a whole, Pandits and Muslims don't look that different. I understand that. The HGDP Pathans are ranked 10th in terms of that component. I also share your sentiments in regards to sampling. [16] Alternative names for the Tajiks are Eastern Persian,[21][22] Fārsīwān (Persian-speaker), and Dīhgān (cf. [21], Various scholars have recorded the Zoroastrian, Hindu,[59][60] Buddhist, and Aryan pre-Islamic heritage of the Tajik people. The presence of Indian-specific haplogroups L-M20, H1-M52 and R2a-M124 in both Tajik samples from Afghanistan and Tajikistan demonstrates an apparent genetic affinity between Tajiks from these two . The Arabs suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Zunbils, and the people of highlands took quite some time to heed the call. Pashtuns (/ ˈ p ʌ ʃ ˌ t ʊ n /, / ˈ p ɑː ʃ ˌ t ʊ n / or / ˈ p æ ʃ ˌ t uː n /; Pashto: پښتانه , Pəx̌tānə́; or Pathans), historically known as Afghans, are the largest Iranian ethnic group native to Central and South Asia. 22. Genetic science admits a possible link between Jews & Tajiks. Among the HazÄra and Nukderi tribes, there are some who speak the Moghul language. 47. Followed by South Indians. I can imagine that, under this model, the Indo-Aryan ancestors of Pashtuns were a much more tractable set of peoples than their descendants. I am not even a Hindu. This probably occurred during the invasion of nomadic Hunnic/Iranian/Tocharian groups from Northern Afghanistan into Southern Afghanistan and West Pakistan. Essentially, Tajikistani Tajiks are much less South Asian shifted and much more East Asian shifted than the Pashtun samples. Though that said, looks wise pashtuns are defiantly closer to Iranians, then to Indians, even Punjabis the most north west indians. Caste was mobile till it hardened by endogamy. I just can't see a population from that direction expanding and conquering the large congeries of people who inhabit the borderland between ancient Iran and ancient India. and which ones, pandits or muslim? Someone spoke of genotypes and phenotypes the other day. [47] This had the effect of increasing the Tajik population in Uzbekistan from 3.9% in 1979 to 4.7% in 1989. HAP uses more SNP's, and also has a lot more samples. The "Caucasian", "Southwest Asian", and various east Eurasian components reduce that aspect of our ancestry. There are a few Afghan families in Srinagar which have by now almost compeletely intermarried with native Kashmiri Muslims, but a village near Ganderbal still comprises Pathans who speak Pushto and do not intermarry with Kashmiris. In fact the distant Pashtuns may be closer. Afghanistan has a very old minority of "Jats". Справочник статистических показателей", "4. Not a lot more one can say on this topic. Mediterranean: 2% If not, perhaps Afghan Tajiks are the closest group to Pashtuns. Miaozu=0.080, NAG Nagas=0.080 The Chinese traveller Xuanzang found a Hindu king ruling over Kapisa with control over ten principalities of the area. Then, then you have the even more bizarre results for HGDP00220 who only has 11% of the South Indian component but 13% of the Siberian and 17% of the NE Asian components. what about kashmiries? Overall, the HGDP and Metspalu Pashtuns are quite similar with the HGDP being more South Asian shifted and the Metspalu being more East Eurasian shifted. So Pashto being surrounded by Indo-Aryans managed to escape Indo-Aryan influences in their language even though they adopted some Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Baloch, I can't say with complete confidence but I think lower Baloch as well. Another "trend" I've noticed from the samples we the project has is that the Pashtuns who have less of the South Indian component seem to have significantly more of the Caucasian component and slightly more of the East Eurasian (mostly Siberian and NE Asian) components that offset the lesser South Indian component. They include Abu Hanifa,[21] Imam Bukhari, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, Nasir Khusraw and many others. how can i get myself tested and analysed as per above? In PCA and MDS plots the Yunusbayev/Metspalu Tajiks and Turkmens show up close to each other. They clearly look different on average. The man was incredulous. [64], Tajikistan marked 2009 as the year to commemorate the Tajik Sunni Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa, whose ancestry hailed from Parwan Province of Afghanistan, as the nation hosted an international symposium that drew scientific and religious leaders. I think the Baloch component is mostly like where it is found the most, Balochistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan / NW india area. Here is a nice open access paper dealing with great ape genetics. you are just being a typical hindu nationalistic. How many SNPs are being used here as compared to the normal HarappaWorld calculator with consumer genetic data? 48. [26][27] According to Richard Nelson Frye, a leading historian of Iranian and Central Asian history, the Persian migration to Central Asia may be considered the beginning of the modern Tajik nation, and ethnic Persians, along with some elements of East-Iranian Bactrians and Sogdians, as the main ancestors of modern Tajiks. Found inside â Page 77Bactrians were of Indo-European origin from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Southern Uzbekistan. During the Sixth century BCE, the Bactrians were conquered by ... This is probably one of the most ridiculous explanation that one can have of Pashtun ethnogenesis, i.e., Pashtuns (over 50 millions) lived around Suleman mountains since Bronze age and became what they are now. As can be observed above, an average can conceal substantial variation. "In the country of KÄbul there are many and various tribes. President Sukarno is just one prominent example along with his daughter Meghawati. 1. You have blue eyes because the genes code for it. Yes, it probably is and I expected such due to shared linguistics, culture and history but look at some of the Tajik's components. Very interesting. Home / Beans / HBK Genetics / Durban Posion x Afghan Skunk. 0 If you don't mind then please add me on 23andme, my handle is "Sarfaraz." The distinction between Turk and Tajik became stereotyped to express the symbiosis and rivalry of the (ideally) nomadic military executive and the urban civil bureaucracy (Niẓām al-Molk: tāzik, pp. There are also plenty of HGDP Sindhis with South Indian components higher than 30% as the average is 29%. When Buddhists missionaries arrived they found substantial populations of Hindus and Zoroastarians in these places. The Safi in the far northwest are derived from the Kakar in the far southeast. Baloch is a west asian component. I have been wrong before. Afghan Kush is a pure indica landrace strain from the Middle East, specifically between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the 15th-century. 22. 26. Anyways, my whole point with the South Indian scores in those two Kurram Pashtuns was if these Pashtuns, whether Turi or not, were Pashtunized over time, why are their South Indian scores still so high? But one would actually have to do this to be sure. There are three papers on Afghan Pashtun Y-chromosomal variation that I can recall. [39] They are predominant in four of the largest cities in Afghanistan (Kabul, Mazar-e Sharif, Herat, and Ghazni) and make up the largest ethnic group in the northern and western provinces of Balkh, Takhar, Badakhshan, Samangan, Parwan, Panjshir, Kapisa, Baghlan, Ghor, Badghis and Herat. I was wondering if you could clarify this point. @��c3Ca�؝ �_���a�_�~����A���p81�n`��������C����XZ|X����jzMY. Also, tribes like the Chamkani and Mangal Pashtuns are to be found. // Atlas. Map showing that the important Kunar River rises from glacier melt-water in the Hindu Raj and eastern Hindu Kush mountains in northwestern Pakistan as the Chitral River, before flowing into Afghanistan as the Kunar. . 13. African Farmers=0.136 Imagining alternative futures in the Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan and Tajikistan is as difficult as it is necessary. Published: 15 August ,2021: Afghanistan's president Ashraf Ghani has left the country for Tajikistan as the Taliban enter Kabul, the government's last stronghold in the country, a senior interior ministry official told Reuters. To be rather frank, I don't understand the relationship between these people and the Jats of greater Punjab. Curious, you should put your disclaimer here as well. 30. Punjabis are 31.77% south indian, while pashtuns are 21.8%. however punjabis as a whole are defiantly not close to pashtuns genetically. So the only difference is the Onge, since I don't have onge with me. 0000011386 00000 n
At least I presented positive evidence for my assertions. 4. NAN Melanesians=0.137 LINEAGE: AFGHAN KUSH IBL ** Spliff seeds Afghan/Tajikistan 'preserved landrace regular seeds. London: Karl Cordell, "Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe", Routledge, 1998. p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. 40b), is from *ParsuwÄ, and of PaÒ³t’ūn from *ParswÄna-, with the basic stem *ParsÅ«-; cf. I agree with HRP0282 that the linguistic paper that HRP0286 gave link to does not support his conclusion of any significant degree of Indo-Aryan influence in Pashto but rather refutes it (that is why the word "Indic" is written with quotation marks in the title of the paper). 41. The most nonsensical explanation one can ever hear. 21. 16. That will clear it up. If the latter, why do the HGDP Pathans have such high "Baloch" numbers? This kind of reasoning leads nowhere. HRP0282 can you explain Pashto splitting off from Saka in 300 BC? Parasar, I think a lot of what you are saying is correct. I don't know why, as Pashtuns don't share a border with the Sindhi people, and have historical ties with Punjab. They are very informative and well written. The fact of the matter is, all billion+ nucleotides in your DNA have not been analyzed. Numerous scholars have located the Kamboja realm on the southern side of the Hindu Kush ranges in the, Dr Buddha Prakash maintains that, based on the evidence of, Robson, Barbara and Lipson, Juliene (2002) "Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups", "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам", "Ethnic composition of the population in Kyrgyzstan 1999–2007", State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census, "Tajikistan | People, Religion, History, & Facts", "History and Foreign Policy: From Constructed Identities to "Ancient Hatreds" East of the Caspian", "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia", Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies, "ABC NEWS/BBC/ARD poll – Afghanistan: Where Things Stand", Svante E. Cornell, "Uzbekistan: A Regional Player in Eurasian Geopolitics? With exception to the Kochi, most Pashtun tribes traditionally practice subsistence agriculture. The barabric turks who were late commers to civilization than had civil war among one another and the mongols expelled the kyrgyz and they in turn expelled the uygurs from mongolia where they eventually landed in the land of the Aryans,the tajik,pashtun,persians, sogdians,bactrians etc. Found insideThe first edition of this important work received excellent reviews; the second edition continues its comprehensive coverage adding more current research and new topics based on customer and reader reviews, including new discoveries, ... I really think Pashtuns results will be different according to the tribes. [44] However, these numbers do not include ethnic Tajiks who, for a variety of reasons, choose to identify themselves as Uzbeks in population census forms. After this, populations from the Trans-Caucasus, North Indians, Europeans, Central Asians, and Southwest Asians, all seem to be fairly close and equidistant. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ21fQEC3DI pashtun and looks semitic not like indo aryan 37. You are wrong about Kashmiris basically. As I said before, I don't understand the relationship between these people and Jats east of the Indus. Actually as foreigners they would qualify merely as mlechha. And Kandahar has shifted between periods of tenuous Ghilzai and Durrani dominance, on multiple occasions. Very hard to read in the actual supplements, so I thought it would be nice if I post this (for anyone who might have been curious, but just could not bear dealing with that monstrosity of a visualization). I couldn't have said it better myself. Relaxed . They are east iranic saka descendent from tarim migrated via gorno badakhshan tajikistan into bakhtar and mixed with dardic people,10 percent of their genes and than into east and south afghanistan crossing the hindu kush at westerly direction. Many Pashtuns throughout the region have become "Pashtunized" in recent memory (the people of the Korengal valley in Afghanistan, the Baloch living alongside the Khattak, many Hindkowans in Peshawar, Mardan, and Charsadda). The Chamar in Metspalu et al are from UP. To be honest, if anybody is going to mix, it will be Kashmiri Muslims, and not Hindus, because Islam promotes equality. I think Onur has pointed out something very relevant to this discussion. So it is very conservative compared to Persian but its still highly Indian-influenced. I'm assuming the individual on the right side throughout the video is from Karachi? where did pashtunwali honor codes come from? One finds Nurzai sub-lineages that have been sedentary as far back as their collective memory goes, and one finds Nurzai sub-lineages that have been nomadic pastoralists as far back as their collective memory goes. pp. Excerpt from http://tribune.com.pk/story/314182/all-western-invaders-arent-pakhtun/ 51. September 26, 2021. To summarize, Pashtuns have a very distinctive and tightly knit culture, but endogamy in regards to women is not important to most Pashtun groups, and large groups of people can easily be integrated into the Pashtun genealogical scheme. Look at the PCA plot in this paper. pg 22 http://books.google.com/books?id=b_NAX90LuRYC&printsec=frontcover. 0000002954 00000 n
From the UN Special Mission to Afghanistan Afghan Kush was a wild lady for hundreds of years, flourishing in the harsh natural climates of its homeland and refining itself through many generations of evolution. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated form these two figures.
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